Smirk, DD & Jackson, S 2010, 'In situ foundation improvement for upstream raising of embankments using dried tailings', in R Jewell & AB Fourie (eds), Mine Waste 2010: Proceedings of the First International Seminar on the Reduction of Risk in the Management of Tailings and Mine Waste, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 251-260, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1008_22_Smirk
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/1008_22_Smirk/)
Abstract: The use of upstream construction methods on tailings dams is a common method of increasing the capacity 
of an earthen tailings dam. However, as this technique involves construction over existing tailings deposits, 
foundation strength is critical to ensure that the long-term integrity and stability of the wall can be achieved 
for single or multiple upstream raising campaigns. 
For low-strength tailings the conventional approach is to import materials such as rock fill for placement as 
a bridging layer in the construction area. This proven approach will successfully deliver the required 
foundation strength improvement. However, suitable rock fill is normally a premium product and hence 
provides this solution at a high capital cost. 
Recently, the authors have completed investigations into processes to improve the foundation strengths at 
several tailings dams within the alumina industry. The fundamental approach has been to identify tailings 
dewatering processes that can be applied to alumina tailings (bauxite residue) such that equivalent 
foundation strengths can be developed in realistic timeframes. 
Investigations have concentrated around developing techniques using the MudMaster (twin archimedes 
screw tractor or amphirol) in combination with conventional earthmoving equipment (swamp dozers/ 
excavators) to accelerate the dewatering process. These techniques are usually incorporated into the 
operations of the tailings dam and hence these improvements form part of normal operating costs. Dried 
tailings from the operational (active) areas can then be used to construct part of the upstream raise (usually 
zoned within the embankment cross section). 
Although the techniques employed need to be tailored to an operating site (based on climatic conditions, 
production rates etc.) the fundamental principles remain consistent. Foundation strength improvements from 
<5 kPa to well above 30 kPa within 90 days have been achieved with net capital savings over A$ 1 million 
per site compared to convention construction methods using dumped rock and imported materials. After 
success at several locations, the authors have developed a simplified foundation improvement method that 
can be applied almost anywhere. 
This paper will detail the general dewatering techniques developed, the foundation strength improvements 
achieved and the costs to achieve this improvement.