Green, D, Martic, Z, Knight, B & Jones, J 2012, 'Defining and quantifying sustainable backfill', in R Jewell,  AB Fourie & A Paterson (eds), Paste 2012: Proceedings of the 15th International Seminar on Paste and Thickened Tailings, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 261-269, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1263_22_Jones
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/1263_22_Jones/)
Abstract: The use of admixtures in mining backfill will enhance the performance of the backfill but can also reduce environmental impacts promoting a strong sustainability strategy for the mining industry. While BASF has developed innovative solutions for mining backfill to maintain or increase backfill compressive strengths and provide better flow properties (retention time) of the fill to eliminate higher risk of blockage, the performance results are attainable with less impact to the environment. Quantifying these impacts is completed with a unique BASF tool: eco-efficiency analysis (EEA). The EEA assesses both the costs and environmental impact of the backfill and presents the results in a format that is clear, concise, and valuable to those concerned with Sustainability.