Thompson, BD, Hunt, T, Malek, F, Grabinsky, MW & Bawden, WF 2014, 'In situ behaviour of cemented hydraulic and paste backfills and the use of instrumentation in optimising efficiency', in Y Potvin & T Grice (eds), Mine Fill 2014: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Symposium on Mining with Backfill, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 337-350, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1404_27_Thompson
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/1404_27_Thompson/)
Abstract: Better understanding of in situ backfill behaviour can allow mines to optimise backfilling efficiency. To this end, a significant quantity of fieldwork has recently been conducted by University of Toronto (U of T) and Mine Design Engineering (MDEng.), focused on in situ measurements in cemented paste backfill. Using these ‘production friendly’ instrumentation approaches, new fieldwork data from two of Vale’s Canadian operations are presented, to demonstrate how instrumentation can be applied to better define the behaviour of cemented hydraulic backfills. Instrumentation consists of clusters of total earth pressure cells, piezometers (for pore pressure) and thermistors that are placed remotely in open stopes, and mounted on barricades. Backfilling with cemented hydraulic fill requires consideration of drainage and potential segregation affects, which are not associated with paste. In situ data demonstrates the transition of the backfill from a fluid to soil-like material at various locations in backfilling stopes. Within a relatively coarse grained (i.e. sand) cemented hydraulic fill, this transition occurred relatively quickly (after three hours). For a sand and tailings blend of cemented hydraulic fill however, the hydrostatic loading condition persisted for between 12 and 24 hours. During backfilling, this information, combined with barricade pressure data, was used to optimise requirements for the post-plug cure period, saving up to three days of stope cycle time. The measurements in hydraulic fill are contrasted with previous fieldwork data from cemented paste backfill. Strength gain mechanics differ between the fill types, through the requirement for drainage in hydraulic fills, whereas cement content and self-desiccation mechanisms appear to dominate in situ measurements in paste. Hydraulic fills exhibit particle size segregation which results in spatial variation in cement content, and so spatially distinct pressure and temperature responses for the interpreted coarse and fine grain zones were measured. A measured low temperature zone was interpreted to represent a coarse grain size fill with an at rest earth pressure coefficient similar to that of a dense sand. A high temperature zone was interpreted to represent a fine grain size fill which features higher cement content. The significantly greater temperature measured in the binder-rich areas are thought to induce ‘thermal expansion’ generated pressure increases. This work demonstrates the potential for instrumentation to feature as part of a considered quality control policy (that includes barricade construction and drainage checks) to safely optimise backfilling efficiency.