Gray, I & Neels, B 2015, 'The measurement of fluid pressure in rock and soil', in PM Dight (ed.), FMGM 2015: Proceedings of the Ninth Symposium on Field Measurements in Geomechanics, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 125-136, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1508_04_Gray
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/1508_04_Gray/)
Abstract: This paper reviews methods in use for measuring fluid pressure in the ground and presents some new options. It examines the traditional systems of installing piezometers in a gravel pack, current practice of grouted in transducers and, packer options, detailing their benefits and limitations extending from problems with ephemeral perched water tables to measurements in gas reservoirs. Finally, it presents two new systems for installing pressure measurement systems. The first involves cement grouting transducers in place and ensuring their connectivity to the formation by displacement of the cement around the pressure transducer tip by a fluid injection. It has been successfully used in groundwater and coal seam gas applications. The other is used to determine the fluid pressure in soils from the positive pressures to the suction range. It involves pushing multiple piezometer tips into the sidewall of the borehole and then cementing the hole. It can be combined with multiple settlement indicators within the same borehole.