Bar, N, Nicoll, S & Pothitos, F 2016, 'Rock fall trajectory field testing, model simulations and considerations for steep slope design in hard rock', in PM Dight (ed.), APSSIM 2016: Proceedings of the First Asia Pacific Slope Stability in Mining Conference, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 457-466, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_rep/1604_29_Bar
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/1604_29_Bar/)
Abstract: Newcrest Mining Limited open pit operations at Telfer (Western Australia) have excavated steep slopes. Current and future planned mine designs also intend to implement steep slopes in order to maintain profitable ore to waste strip ratios. When not adequately considered in the design process, rock falls can present a significant hazard in open pit mines. The management of rock fall hazards becomes particularly vital for steep slopes.
Numerical models are often used to assess the effectiveness of benched slope designs or rock fall barriers to minimise risk to personnel or equipment. Commonly used numerical modelling software and simulation impact theories include: 
• ‘RocFall’ — two-dimensional lumped-mass impact model (2DLM). 
• ‘Trajec3D’ — three-dimensional rigid body impact model (3DRB).
Numerical models use coefficients of restitution to characterise the amount of energy lost due to the inelastic deformation during the collision of a rock with the slope or bench. The input parameters are vastly different for 2DLM and 3DRB and they are seldom calibrated with any site-specific rock fall case studies or field test data during project feasibility studies, and often remain uncalibrated through the operating life of the mine.
In order to best manage rock fall hazards for steep slopes through design, a series of rock fall trajectory field tests were carried out to facilitate the development of calibrated 2DLM and 3DRB numerical models. The calibrated models were then utilised to assess the effectiveness of various slope design geometries. The influence of model selection was found to have a significant impact upon the results. This paper compares rock fall trajectory predictions obtained from calibrated 2DLM and 3DRB models for steep slope designs in hard rock. 
Keywords: rock fall, rockfall, slope design