Safari, A & Jere, P 2023, 'Improving underground development cycle time using performance mine grouts', in J Wesseloo (ed.), Ground Support 2023: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Ground Support in Mining, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 593-606, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_repo/2325_40
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/2325_40_Jere/)
Abstract: Cementitious grouts are a staple in underground mining cable bolting and other ground support regimes. Application options include mechanised installation, however, grout batching remains a manual process. Therefore, the grout quality is reliant on the operators’ proficiency and the equipment being used. 
Generally, cement suitable for working conditions by considering workability, temperatures, water quality and desired strength performance are used.
Some operations have gone further and encompassed pumpability, chemical resistivity, strength development and extended performance in their adopted cement selection criteria. However, grout adaptation has remained outdated, with the majority of operations utilising ordinary Portland cement, or equivalent variations, as it is assumed to be fit for purpose.
Significant developments have been made with grouting technology, offering sites customised alternatives. They can potentially improve quality, durability and efficiency while limiting adverse operator and equipment effects. The following paper will examine available technologies, highlighting their performance advantages, limitations and scenario-based potential improvements to development cycle times.

Keywords: cable bolts, mine grout, cycle time, early re-entry