Seidu, M, Andrews, PG, Acheampong, C & Conduah, E 2023, 'Steepened open pit slopes can be stable: case studies of Gold Fields, Ghana', in PM Dight (ed.), SSIM 2023: Third International Slope Stability in Mining Conference, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 577-594, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_repo/2335_38
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/2335_38_Seidu/)
Abstract: Gold Fields Ltd is a globally diversify gold producer with operations in Australia, Peru, Chile, South Africa and Ghana. The Tarkwa and Damang open pit mines are both in Ghana, and they produce a combined total of about 0.75 million ounces of gold annually.
The global hunger for minerals, coupled with increasing mine depths and lower grade deposits, is driving mine designers and mine owners to reduce overall mining costs by optimising or steepening open pit slopes (Golestanifar & Akbari Dehkharghani 2018). This practice involves varying design parameters on portions of, or whole, slopes for obvious economic reasons. It has been shown that an increase in overall slope angle of 1° in a 500 m-high 50° wall results in a reduction of approximately 9,000 t of stripping per metre of face length (Stacey 2009). The mining practice of steepening open pit slopes has both economic and safety impacts on every mining project (Stacey 2009). 
The selection and implementation of the steepened slopes within the region (Gold Fields Ghana) was based on a solid understanding of the geology, critical structures (bedding/major structures), rock mass conditions, hydrogeological setting, operational capabilities and the historic performances of the slopes. 
In Tarkwa, steepening was done across all operational pits. The bench face angles were increased from 75 to 90°. This resulted in the increase of inter-ramp angle from 55 to 65°. At the Damang mine, the bench face angle of the slope on the west wall of the Damang pit cutback (DPCB) was steepened from 75 to 80°, resulting in a steepened inter-ramp angle from 59 to 63°. The successful implementation of steepening improved safety, increased the mining width at lower elevations and created opportunities of accessing more ore at depth. Gold Fields Ghana’s success with wall steepening was because onsite mining teams adhered to high drill and blast standards and mining controls. These, in combination with excellent wall cleaning practices, were fundamental for the safe and economically successful outcome.
The purpose of this paper is to highlight the processes of steepening, share results and, ultimately, outline the best industry practices that led to successfully mining steeper slopes within Gold Fields Ghana.

Keywords: steepening, open pit slope, bench face angle