Ma, Y, Dudley, O, House, B & Liu, M 2026, 'Parametric landform evolution modelling assessment of conceptual 
batter designs for mine closure trials', in AB Fourie, G Boggs, J Heyes & M Tibbett (eds), Mine Closure 2026: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mine Closure, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 1-12, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_repo/2615_56
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/2615_56_Ma/)
Abstract: This study uses landform evolution modelling (LEM) to test how different batter geometries influence soil capping surface performance under a range of rainfall conditions. Using the State Space Soil Production and Assessment Model (SSSPAM) modelling package, we assess batter trial concepts that incorporate alternative slope forms and surface controls, such as linear slopes, contour bunds and concave profile elements.
The work is structured around a parametric sensitivity framework. Key geometry inputs are varied to generate a suite of design variants. These variants are then evaluated under multiple rainfall scenarios that span different intensities and storm durations to represent a range of wet season events and stress conditions. Model outputs are assessed in terms of predicted erosion and deposition patterns through time.
Overall, the study provides a modelling-based comparison of batter shape options under various climatic forcing. The results could provide the discussion on trial design optimisation and risk-informed decision-making, and the workflow is transferable to mine closure landforms and other engineered slopes where rainfall-driven erosion is a critical performance risk.

Keywords: landform evolution modelling, batter geometry, rainfall events