Majer, JD, Orabi, G & Bisevac, L 2006, 'Incorporation of Terrestrial Invertebrate Data in Mine Closure Completion Criteria Adds Sensitivity and Value', in AB Fourie & M Tibbett (eds), Mine Closure 2006: Proceedings of the First International Seminar on Mine Closure, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 709-717, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_repo/605_62
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/605_62_Majer/)
Abstract: Inspection of the few documented criteria for evaluating whether rehabilitated minesites have reached a stage 
where bond-release can occur, or where responsibility for the land can be relinquished, reveals a largely 
generic approach. Criteria include site safety, soil stability, and aesthetic issues. The biological criteria tend 
to be extremely generic in their approach, and include plant cover, plant density, plus a range of surrogate 
indicators of animal habitat, such as the existence of coarse woody debris. Although a range of habitat 
factors may be present, there are often no data to indicate whether the previous occupants have returned, or 
whether the ecosystem is functioning in a self-sustaining way. When fauna are included, the focus is 
generally on the vertebrates, as these are the groups that engender public interest and concern. Invertebrates 
tend to be omitted from the agenda, even though they play a vital role in ecosystem functioning. This paper 
presents a case for including invertebrates in the list of mine closure Completion Criteria. It does so on the 
premise that invertebrates comprise the bulk of animal biomass and most of its biodiversity, and also because 
of their role in processes such as pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, pollination, etc. Two studies which ‘road-
test’ the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of various invertebrate groups as indicators of rehabilitation success 
are presented, one on the Iluka sand mines at Eneabba, WA, and the other on the Worsley Alumina bauxite 
mines, near Boddington, WA. In both cases, groups such as ants, beetles, spiders and hemipterans provide 
insightful data on the way in which the ecosystem is recovering. The degree to which these groups track 
ecosystem recovery often exceeds that of the vertebrates. Furthermore, the cost of surveying certain groups 
of invertebrates is far more economical in terms of expense and data-yield than that which is involved in 
surveying vertebrates. The former does require specialised expertise and equipment. However, such expertise 
is now becoming available in the consulting industry and the necessary equipment is inexpensive, so this 
should not be seen as an impediment. In view of the resources required to carry out this work, and also of the 
need to provide rapid assessments of closure success in various minesites, it is recommended that 
invertebrates be used in a subset of the mined areas, using representative areas of mature rehabilitation.