Singam, J, Balla, LK & Singh, DP 2006, 'Strategies in Mine Closure Vis-à-Vis Some Indian Underground Mines', in AB Fourie & M Tibbett (eds), Mine Closure 2006: Proceedings of the First International Seminar on Mine Closure, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 835-841, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_repo/605_75
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/605_75_Singam/)
Abstract: Mine closure is an intricate phase in the life of the mine, which calls for comprehensive planning beforehand. 
Many investigations need to be made hand in hand with the mine plan in order that the site is released in an 
ecologically sustainable state of the society. However, in some instances of mine closures in India, 
progressive closure planning phases need further improvements to avoid adverse socio-economic impacts on 
the local community. The typical mine closure case of Bharat Gold Mines Limited, and some coal mines of 
various coalfields in India are posing stern challenge to the mining community. If closed early, it may lead to 
permanent loss of natural resource and unethical, however, extending the life of a mine without proper 
evaluation may be uneconomical and unsafe. There has to be a balance between the two alternatives in the 
life of a mine with due regard to safety and modern mining technology available indigenously and also 
globally. This paper presents some of the legislative and social aspects of mine closure, including some of 
the formalities to be fulfilled in Indian mining scenario. 
The Scientific closure of mining operations is an issue of recent origin in India. Till recently there were no 
guidelines for systematic and scientific closure of mining operation keeping in view the conservation of 
minerals, environmental and safety aspects (Ambesh, 2005). Management of socio-economic impact of large 
mines and panning for the closure of mines and effective regulation of small scale mines has caused 
increasing international concern over an number of features of the mining industry (Philip et al., 2005).  
Operational  and environmental management related to a gold mine closure, in the context of declining gold 
prices was discussed by Aluson and Paul (2000). They stated that social responsibility of business is to 
increase profits with due regard to   formulation of corporate strategy incorporating the kind of economic and 
human organization. The strategy also should define the range of business the industry is to pursue, the kind 
of economic and non-economic contributions intend to make to its shareholders, employees, customers and 
communities. Citizenship means active commitment and responsibility making a difference in one 
community, society and ones country. Internal/external conflicts of real as well as unreal nature in various 
organizations are most common while dealing with closure of mines and need to be pursued in the context of 
sociological and psychological principles (Ujjwala and Jayanthu, 2006). Conventionally, many of the 
coalmines were planned in feasibility stage with the primitive methods of extraction: Bord and pillar and 
Long wall mining in India (Jayanthu et al., 2000b). The main deficiency of the established techniques could 
be that they are usually adopted productively in some of the local geo-mining conditions of the mine and 
may not be economic and safe always in another site-specific geomining conditions.  Other shortcomings of 
the techniques are that they are deficient for all the in-situ condition in remote regions that are difficult to 
access at the planning stage, although some of the recent geophysical techniques (Ground Penetration Radar) 
could be used to probe the reserves ahead of the workings. Some times, innovative strategies to avert the 
absolute closure were also implemented in India by converting under ground mines to opencast mines.  
About 1835 Mt of coal has been standing on pillars of thick seams scattered in various Indian coal fields 
(Jayanthu, 1999a, 1999b).  Around 30% of the developed thick seams are underneath protected surface while 
the rest 70% are amenable to caving.  Adverse strata control problems are experienced at the time of the 
major roof falls in goaf involving loss of life and considerable quantity of coal in some of the depillaring 
panels, more often in thick seams (Jayanthu et al., 1998). Such geo-mining problems lead to adoption of 
closure as an ultimate alternative in case of many mines in India.  Many scientific investigations were 
conducted to deal with such problems especially in thick seams including high horizontal stresses in typical 
Mine Closure 2006 ― Andy Fourie and Mark Tibbett (eds)
© 2006 Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, ISBN 0-9756756-6-4
Mine Closure 2006, Perth, Australia 835
coalfields to avert the closure of mines in South Eastern and Western Coalfields of India (Jayanthu et al., 
2000a, 2000b).  Particularly, in Jharia Coalfield of India (JCF), there is about 19497 Mt of coal available for 
extraction (Singh et al., 1994). However, about 7500 Mt coal is only amenable for opencast mining. Because 
of many geo-mining problems including strata control problems and surface structures, extraction in mines 
could not be continue as per the feasibility reports prepared a few decades back based on the then available 
mining technology. Thus innovative mining technologies need to be implemented with due regard to global 
mining scenario. (Jayanthu et al., 2000a, 2000b). About 1200 MT coal could be extracted out of total reserve 
of 20000 MT and lack of coking coal reserve cannot be cited as reason for coking coal import. (Rai, 2005).