James, JV, Rangasamy, T & Petho, SP 2007, 'Excess Shear Stress Analysis of Seimicity Associated with Dykes', in Y Potvin (ed.), Deep Mining 2007: Proceedings of the Fourth International Seminar on Deep and High Stress Mining, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 21-30, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_repo/711_1
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/711_1_James/)
Abstract: The design for mining the South Deep wide reef orebody was evolved from 1990 to 1997. When the regional 
stability pillars were laid out it was decided that to minimise loss of ore the Gemsbokfontein no. 2 dyke was 
included as the core of a 50 m wide pillar encasing the 25 m wide dyke. The dyke pillar was investigated 
using both elastic and inelastic numerical modelling. Assessment of the size of the modelled ESS lobes 
during the various stages of mining, led to the conclusion that a maximum magnitude seismic event up to 2.9 
could have been expected on the dyke. This was only anticipated toward the end of mining.  
Mining has subsequently occurred with the pillar left as designed. In July 2005 a 2.9 magnitude seismic 
event occurred on the dyke where it intersects another small dyke. Six seismic events with local magnitudes 
greater than 2 were measured in the pillar area over a 2.5 year period up to 2006. The distribution of 
seismic events indicates that major events were related to 2 smaller dykes intersecting the pillar. 
A re-evaluation of the excess shear stress (ESS) on the planes of the three dykes was undertaken to assess the 
potential seismic risk. 
The correlation between the maximum expected magnitude assessed from ESS modelling and actual 
magnitudes was remarkably good and also confirmed the original work completed in 1996. 
The use of Boundary Element codes in predicting seismicity by ESS determination is remarkably accurate 
considering the simplicity of the codes. 
On going modelling of this nature would be a useful tool for designing mining sequence and layout to 
ameliorate seismic activity and avoid working in seismically active mines. 
During a period of more than a decade the use of ESS studies with elastic modelling to anticipate the 
location, timing and magnitude of seismicity has been successfully demonstrated at the South Deep Mine. 
This research showed that the seismicity experienced could be anticipated and that mine design can be 
modified to avoid seismic risk.