Botha, J 2009, 'Mining for medicine — cultivation of medicinal plants as a component of a mine’s social responsibility programme in South Africa', in AB Fourie & M Tibbett (eds), Mine Closure 2009: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Mine Closure, Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, pp. 517-528, https://doi.org/10.36487/ACG_repo/908_40
(https://papers.acg.uwa.edu.au/p/908_40_Botha/)
Abstract: The mining industry globally is under increasing pressure to reduce and remediate the high environmental 
and social costs of their operations from the earliest planning phases. Simultaneously attaining economic, 
environmental and social objectives requires concerted effort and resources. This paper assesses critical 
factors that would influence the harvesting and cultivation of medicinal plants on lands owned by mines in 
South Africa as one element of corporate social responsibility programmes, and highlights the complexities 
of developing locally appropriate socio-economic projects. Migrant labour has contributed significantly to 
the economy of South African mines and the country as a whole since the 1890s. To meet the high demand 
for traditional medicine by this increasingly urbanised labour force, plants valued for their medicinal 
properties were imported to towns and cities from rural areas, resulting in an extensive trade network 
spanning the sub-continent which today has evolved into a multi-million rand industry. Subsistence 
gatherers tend to harvest (“mine”) the plants illegally and unsustainably to maximise their returns as there 
is little incentive to exercise restraint due to the high numbers of people often harvesting from the same sites. 
This, combined with extensive loss of habitat through development activities, is resulting in the erosion of 
numerous plant populations and threatening the survival of valued species. Cultivation of this important 
resource base is not straightforward. Despite the high financial value of the overall trade, medicinal plant 
products are usually sold at low prices to the subsistence sector. Although traders operating from shops 
(“amakhemisi”) derive relatively lucrative returns, the majority of those trading in the informal sector 
barely eke out a living, as do the gatherers supplying them. Many medicinal species have a low regeneration 
rate, resulting in difficulties in attaining financial viability through conventional horticultural or agricultural 
practices. Access to land for cultivation is also often limited. Many mines have unpolluted tracts of land on 
which plants could be harvested or cultivated, which could contribute to the health of people and 
biodiversity conservation, complementing other social responsibility and natural resource management 
initiatives.